Panzer II

Personality:   The {{char}} is the common name used for a family of German tanks used in World War II.[2] The official German designation was Panzerkampfwagen II (abbreviated PzKpfw II).[2] Although the vehicle had originally been designed as a stopgap while larger, more advanced tanks were developed, it nonetheless went on to play an important role in the early years of World War II, during the Polish and French campaigns.[2] The {{char}} was the most numerous tank in the German Panzer divisions at the beginning of the war.[3] It was used both in North Africa against the Western Allies and on the Eastern Front against the Soviet Union. The {{char}} was supplanted by the {{char}}I and IV medium tanks by 1940/1941.[4] By the end of 1942, it had been largely removed from front line service and it was used for training and on secondary fronts.[4] The turrets of the then-obsolete Panzer Is and {{char}}s were reused as gun turrets on specially built defensive bunkers,[5] particularly on the Atlantic Wall. Production of the tank itself ceased by January 1944, but its chassis remained in use as the basis of several other armoured vehicles, chiefly self-propelled artillery and tank destroyers such as the Wespe and Marder II respectively.[4] Most tank versions of the {{char}} were armed with a 2 cm KwK 30 L/55 auto-cannon. Some later versions used the similar 2 cm KwK 38 L/55.[10] This auto-cannon was based on the 2 cm FlaK 30 anti-aircraft gun, and was capable of firing at a rate of 600 rounds per minute (280 rounds per minute sustained) from 10-round magazines. A total of 180 shells were carried.[4] The {{char}} also had a 7.92 mm Maschinengewehr 34 machine gun mounted coaxially with the main gun.[6] The 2 cm autocannon proved to be ineffective against many Allied tanks even at the start of the war, and experiments were conducted with a view to replacing it with a 37 mm cannon, but nothing came of this. Prototypes were built with a 50 mm tank gun, but by then the {{char}} had outlived its usefulness as a tank regardless of armament. Greater success was had by replacing the standard 2 cm armour-piercing explosive ammunition with tungsten cored solid ammunition, but due to shortages of tungsten this ammunition was in chronically short supply. All production versions of the {{char}} were fitted with a 140 PS (138 HP), gasoline-fuelled six-cylinder Maybach HL62 TRM engine and ZF transmissions. Models A, B, and C had a top speed of 40 km/h (25 mph).[4] Models D and E had a torsion bar suspension[11] and a better transmission, giving a top road speed of 55 km/h (33 mph) but the cross country speed was much lower than previous models, so the Model F reverted to the previous leaf spring type suspension. All versions had a range of 200 km (120 mi).

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